The higher prevalence of HSV-2 among females has also been reported 6. For both virus types, a decrease in prevalence over time was seen in all race and Hispanic-origin subpopulations. Decreasing HSV-1 prevalence has been reported previously 4—7. A nonsignificant decline in overall prevalence of HSV-2 from through was reported in a previous study 5.
Data for this report are from NHANES, a cross-sectional survey that uses a complex, multistage, probability design to select a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized U. In —, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic Asian, and Hispanic persons, including Mexican American-persons, were oversampled.
Examination weights were used to account for differing probabilities of selection, nonresponse, and noncoverage. Taylor series linearization was used to calculate standard errors.
Age adjustment was done by the direct method to the projected Census population using age groups 14—19, 20—29, 30—39, and 40— Linear regression modeling was used to determine significance of linear and quadratic trends with time controlling for age group. Elaine W. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in persons aged 14— United States, — All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated.
Charles J. Rothwell, M. Madans, Ph. Kathryn S. Porter, M. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. National Center for Health Statistics.
Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Minus Related Pages. On This Page. Related Sites. PDF image. Clinical manifestations of genital herpes differ between the first and recurrent i. The first outbreak of herpes is often associated with a longer duration of herpetic lesions, increased viral shedding making HSV transmission more likely and systemic symptoms including fever, body aches, swollen lymph nodes, or headache.
Genital herpes may cause painful genital ulcers that can be severe and persistent in persons with suppressed immune systems, such as HIV-infected persons. Some persons who contract genital herpes have concerns about how it will impact their overall health, sex life, and relationships.
One resource can be found here: www. There are also potential complications for a pregnant woman and her newborn child. Genital ulcerative disease caused by herpes makes it easier to transmit and acquire HIV infection sexually. There is an estimated 2- to 4-fold increased risk of acquiring HIV, if individuals with genital herpes infection are genitally exposed to HIV. In persons with both HIV and genital herpes, local activation of HIV replication at the site of genital herpes infection can increase the risk that HIV will be transmitted during contact with the mouth, vagina, or rectum of an HIV-uninfected sex partner.
Neonatal herpes is one of the most serious complications of genital herpes. Women should be counseled to abstain from intercourse during the third trimester with partners known to have or suspected of having genital herpes. While women with genital herpes may be offered antiviral medication late in pregnancy through delivery to reduce the risk of a recurrent herpes outbreak, third trimester antiviral prophylaxis has not been shown to decrease the risk of herpes transmission to the neonate.
HSV nucleic acid amplification tests NAAT are the most sensitive and highly specific tests available for diagnosing herpes. However, in some settings viral culture is the only test available.
The sensitivity of viral culture can be low, especially among people who have recurrent or healing lesions. Because viral shedding is intermittent, it is possible for someone to have a genital herpes infection even though it was not detected by NAAT or culture. Type-specific virologic tests can be used for diagnosing genital herpes when a person has recurrent symptoms or lesion without a confirmatory NAAT, culture result, or has a partner with genital herpes.
Both virologic tests and type-specific serologic tests should be available in clinical settings serving patients with, or at risk for, sexually transmitted infections. If confirmatory tests are unavailable, patients should be counseled about the limitations of available testing before serologic testing. Healthcare providers should also be aware that false-positive results occur.
In instances of suspected recent acquisition, serologic testing within 12 weeks after acquisition may be associated with false negative test results. HSV-1 serologic testing does not distinguish between oral and genital infection, and typically should not be performed for diagnosing genital HSV-1 infection.
Diagnosis of genital HSV-1 infection is confirmed by virologic tests from lesions. Patients who are at higher risk of infection e. There is no cure for herpes. Antiviral medications can, however, prevent or shorten outbreaks during the period of time the person takes the medication. There is currently no commercially available vaccine that is protective against genital herpes infection.
Candidate vaccines are in clinical trials. Correct and consistent use of latex condoms can reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of transmitting or acquiring genital herpes because herpes virus shedding can occur in areas that are not covered by a condom.
The surest way to avoid transmission of STDs, including genital herpes, is to abstain from sexual contact, or to be in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been tested for STDs and is known to be uninfected. Persons with herpes should abstain from sexual activity with partners when herpes lesions or other symptoms of herpes are present.
It is important to know that even if a person does not have any symptoms, he or she can still infect sex partners. Sex partners of infected persons should be advised that they may become infected and they should use condoms to reduce the risk. Sex partners can seek testing to determine if they are infected with HSV. Daily treatment with valacyclovir decreases the rate of HSV-2 transmission in discordant, heterosexual couples in which the source partner has a history of genital HSV-2 infection.
Counseling those with genital herpes, as well as their sex partners, is critical. It can help patients cope with the infection and prevent further spread into the community. More information is available at www. Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: Prevalence and incidence estimates, Sex Transm Dis ; in press. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in persons aged 14— United States, — Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States.
JAMA , Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2—United States, — J Infect Dis , Corey L, Wald A. Genital Herpes. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill; — Trends in seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites aged 14 to 49 years—United States, to Sex Transm Dis , Mertz GJ. Asymptomatic shedding of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2: implications for prevention of transmission.
Genital shedding of herpes simplex virus among symptomatic and asymptomatic persons with HSV-2 infection. Reactivation of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in asymptomatic seropositive persons. New Engl J Med ,
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